Book 2 · Make & Machine

Maker Electronics Math

Count the milliamps. Predict how long a battery-powered sensor will last — 375 days, worked out on page forty — then build it and check the prediction in an afternoon.

Maker Electronics Math: Count the Milliamps — Make & Machine Book 2 cover

Home › Books › Maker Electronics Math

What this book teaches

One sum, pointed at thirteen different parts of a real project: what a thing draws, multiplied by how long it is connected. Ohm's law and why you round a resistor up; what a battery actually holds as against what the packet claims; the division that turns a wake interval into a year; the two resistors that can halve a runtime if nobody switches them off; what one ADC step is worth, and why a fine reading is not a true one; calibrating a sensor against ice and stating an error bar you can defend; τ = R × C, and what waiting costs in milliamp-seconds; the pull-up that is free until a lid presses on it; why a quarter of the current looks like more than half the light; the eight-pence part whose datasheet line turns 375 days into 16; storage as a second battery that runs out first; a runtime that is a range rather than a number; and finally the capstone — measure a 30-microamp current on a meter that cannot read it, compare with your prediction, and design the one further test that says which line was wrong. Every chapter carries a boxed, skippable Does It Pay? section, and nothing in the book touches mains electricity.

Free tools for this book

Calculator · Ch 1

LED Resistor & E12 Value

The resistor to fit, the one you can buy, and the current you really get.

Calculator · Ch 2

Capacity, Watt-Hours & C-Rate

Series and parallel packs, a usable derate, and the C-rate a load asks for.

Calculator · Ch 3

The Battery Budget

The one to bookmark. Every line of your design, and its share of the battery.

Calculator · Ch 4

Divider & What It Costs

Output, loading, source impedance, and the yearly bill if nobody switches it off.

Calculator · Ch 5

Volts, Counts & Resolution

What one step is worth — and why fine is not the same as true.

Calculator · Ch 6

Two-Point Calibration

Slope and offset from two known points, and an error bar you can defend.

Calculator · Ch 7

τ, Settling & Debounce

How long to wait before reading, and what the waiting costs.

Calculator · Ch 8

Pull-Ups & Always-On Loads

What a load costs per year once you say how long it is connected.

Calculator · Ch 9

Duty, Average & Brightness

A quarter of the current does not buy a quarter of the light.

Calculator · Ch 10

Regulator Heat & Quiescent

The two bills a regulator sends, and buck against linear for your interval.

Calculator · Ch 11

Storage Days & Sending

Which runs out first, the battery or the memory — and what a radio costs.

Calculator · Ch 12

Event Runtime & Dosing

Runtime when the world decides how often, plus stall current.

Calculator · Ch 13

Shunt & Prediction Check

Measure a current your meter cannot read, then explain the gap.

Calculator · Ch 1

Ohm’s Law Solver

Any two of volts, milliamps, ohms and milliwatts — and the other two.

Calculator · Ch 1 & 4

Series & Parallel Resistors

Combine resistors, and find the E12 value you can actually buy.

Calculator · Ch 2 & 3

Battery Pack Builder

Cells in series and parallel — volts, usable mAh, and days.

Calculator · Ch 3

Wake Interval Sweep

Runtime at every interval, and where waking less often stops paying.

Calculator · Ch 13

Hours Past a Threshold

Readings past a line, turned into hours below freezing or above damp.

Calculator · Ch 2 & 3

mA, mAh, mA·s & Time

The unit conversions every battery sum in the book turns on.

All chapters

  1. 1One LED, One Resistor
  2. 2What a Battery Actually Holds
  3. 3Current × Time = Your Year
  4. 4Dividing a Voltage
  5. 5From Volts to Numbers
  6. 6Making a Sensor Tell the Truth
  7. 7Waiting: R, C and Time
  8. 8Switches, Pull-ups and the Screen That Is Off
  9. 9PWM and Brightness
  10. 10The Regulator, and Heat
  11. 11Storing and Sending
  12. 12The Same Node, Two Other Jobs
  13. 13Capstone: The Long Watch